Common Dental Diseases

Tooth decay and various dental conditions can significantly impact oral health. Here’s a detailed yet simple explanation of each condition, including how and why they occur.

​

Tooth Decay (Cavities) occurs when bacteria in the mouth produce acids that erode the tooth enamel, the hard outer layer of the tooth. This process begins with plaque, a sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth, especially after consuming sugary or starchy foods. If not cleaned properly, the acids from the bacteria can create tiny holes in the enamel, leading to cavities. Poor oral hygiene, frequent snacking, and sugary drinks increase the risk of tooth decay.

​

Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums caused by plaque buildup on the teeth. When plaque is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it can irritate the gum tissue, leading to redness, swelling, and bleeding. Gingivitis is often the first stage of gum disease and can be reversed with good oral hygiene.

​

Periodontitis is a more severe form of gum disease that occurs when gingivitis is left untreated. It involves the inflammation and infection of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the bone. The bacteria from plaque can cause the gums to pull away from the teeth, forming pockets of infection. This can lead to tooth loss if not treated.

 

Tooth Sensitivity occurs when the protective enamel wears down or when gums recede, exposing the underlying dentin. This layer contains tiny nerve endings that can be triggered by hot, cold, sweet, or acidic foods and drinks, causing discomfort or pain. Factors like aggressive brushing, grinding teeth, or consuming acidic foods can contribute to sensitivity.

 

Toothache is often caused by tooth decay, infection, or injury to the tooth. When decay reaches the inner pulp of the tooth, it can cause inflammation and pressure, leading to pain. Other causes can include gum disease, a cracked tooth, or a dental abscess.

 

Bad Breath (Halitosis) can result from poor oral hygiene, which allows food particles to remain in the mouth, leading to bacterial growth. Other causes include dry mouth, certain foods (like garlic and onions), smoking, and underlying health issues. Regular brushing, flossing, and hydration can help reduce bad breath.

 

Tooth Erosion is the loss of tooth enamel due to acid exposure from foods, drinks, or stomach acid. This can lead to sensitivity and increased risk of cavities. Common culprits include acidic beverages, citrus fruits, and conditions like acid reflux.

 

Bruxism (Teeth Grinding) is the involuntary grinding or clenching of teeth, often occurring during sleep. It can be caused by stress, anxiety, misaligned teeth, or sleep disorders. Over time, grinding can wear down tooth enamel and lead to tooth sensitivity, pain, and other dental issues.

 

Impacted Wisdom Teeth occur when these teeth do not have enough space to emerge properly. This can lead to pain, swelling, and infection. The condition is often due to the jaw not being large enough to accommodate these teeth, leading to their growth at an angle.

 

Dry Mouth (Xerostomia) occurs when the salivary glands do not produce enough saliva. This can be caused by medications, certain medical conditions, or dehydration. Saliva is essential for neutralizing acids in the mouth and washing away food particles, so a lack of it increases the risk of tooth decay and gum disease.

 

Dental Erosion refers to the loss of tooth structure due to acid attack, similar to tooth erosion. It can be caused by dietary acids, acid reflux, or certain medications. Over time, this can lead to sensitivity, discoloration, and increased cavities.

 

Dental Attrition is the wear that occurs on teeth due to grinding or clenching. This can lead to a flattened appearance of the teeth and increased sensitivity. It often results from bruxism or natural wear over time.

 

Dental Abrasion is the loss of tooth structure due to mechanical forces, such as aggressive brushing or using a hard-bristled toothbrush. This can create notches at the gum line and increase sensitivity.

 

Dental Abfraction is the loss of tooth structure at the gum line due to stress and flexing of the tooth during biting. This can lead to small, wedge-shaped defects at the gum line, often exacerbated by grinding or clenching.

 

Dental Caries is another term for cavities or tooth decay. It occurs when acids produced by bacteria in plaque erode the enamel, leading to holes in the teeth. The process is similar to tooth decay and is influenced by diet, oral hygiene, and genetics.

 

Dental Plaque is a sticky film of bacteria that forms on teeth. It is a natural occurrence but can lead to tooth decay and gum disease if not removed through regular brushing and flossing. Plaque forms when bacteria feed on sugars from food.

 

Dental Calculus (Tartar) is hardened plaque that forms when plaque is not removed and mineralizes. It can only be removed by a dental professional. Tartar can contribute to gum disease and tooth decay.

 

Dental Hypersensitivity refers to increased sensitivity in teeth, often triggered by hot, cold, or sweet stimuli. It is commonly caused by enamel erosion, gum recession, or tooth decay, exposing the sensitive dentin underneath.
 

Dental Malocclusion is the misalignment of teeth when the jaws are closed. It can lead to issues with chewing, speech, and increased wear on teeth. Causes can include genetics, thumb sucking, or early loss of baby teeth.

 

Dental Fluorosis is a condition caused by excessive fluoride exposure during childhood when teeth are developing. It can result in discoloration or mottling of the enamel. While it does not affect the health of the teeth, it can impact their appearance.