Salivary Gland Disorders

Sialolithiasis (Salivary Stones) is a condition where hard mineral deposits, called stones, form inside the salivary glands or their ducts. This can happen because saliva, which contains minerals like calcium, sometimes gets stuck and hardens over time. The stones are usually made of calcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite. Sialolithiasis most often affects the submandibular gland (under the jaw), because its duct is long and the saliva has to flow against gravity. The type of saliva from this gland is also thicker, which increases the risk of stones forming.

 

Sjögren's Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder where the body's immune system mistakenly attacks the moisture-producing glands, such as the salivary and tear glands. This leads to decreased saliva and tear production, causing a very dry mouth and dry eyes. Sjögren's syndrome can occur on its own (primary) or along with another autoimmune disorder like rheumatoid arthritis or lupus (secondary). It is more common in women and often starts in middle age. The exact cause is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors that trigger the abnormal immune response.

 

Salivary Gland Infections, also called sialadenitis, can occur when bacteria or viruses enter the gland, often through the duct. This can happen due to decreased saliva flow, which allows bacteria to multiply. Stones in the gland can also block the duct and lead to infection. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and redness of the affected gland, which is usually one of the major glands (parotid, submandibular, or sublingual). Infections may be acute, with sudden onset, or chronic, with repeated episodes. Viral infections like mumps often affect the parotid glands. Bacterial infections are more common in the submandibular gland and can lead to an abscess if untreated.