Oral Infections and Diseases

Oral Cancer (Squamous Cell Carcinoma) OSCC is a type of cancer that originates in the squamous cells lining the mouth and throat. It occurs when these cells undergo genetic mutations that lead to uncontrolled growth. The main causes include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. These factors damage the DNA of the squamous cells, causing them to multiply abnormally and form tumors. OSCC is often diagnosed at advanced stages due to a lack of early symptoms, which can include persistent sores or lumps in the mouth.

 

Oral Thrush (Candidiasis) is a fungal infection caused by an overgrowth of Candida yeast in the mouth. It occurs when the balance of microorganisms in the mouth is disrupted, often due to factors like a weakened immune system, antibiotic use, or dry mouth. The yeast thrives in warm, moist environments, leading to white patches on the tongue and inside the cheeks. Poor oral hygiene and certain health conditions, such as diabetes, can also increase the risk of developing oral thrush.

Herpes Simplex Virus (Cold Sores) are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV), typically HSV-1. The virus is highly contagious and spreads through close contact, such as kissing or sharing utensils. Once contracted, the virus remains dormant in the body and can reactivate due to triggers like stress, illness, or sun exposure. When reactivated, it causes painful blisters around the lips and mouth. Cold sores are common and can recur throughout a person's life.

 

Bacterial Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart, often linked to dental procedures or poor oral hygiene. It occurs when bacteria from the mouth enter the bloodstream and attach to damaged areas of the heart. Risk factors include existing heart conditions and invasive dental treatments. Symptoms can include fever, fatigue, and heart murmurs. Prompt treatment is essential to prevent serious complications.

 

Fungal Infections in the mouth can occur due to various fungi, with Candida being the most common. These infections often arise when the immune system is compromised or when there is an imbalance in the oral microbiome. Factors such as diabetes, use of antibiotics, or wearing dentures can contribute to fungal growth. Symptoms may include white patches, soreness, and difficulty swallowing. Maintaining good oral hygiene and addressing underlying health issues can help prevent these infections.

 

Viral Infections related to dental health can include various viruses, such as the herpes simplex virus and human papillomavirus (HPV). These infections can lead to conditions like cold sores and oral warts. They often spread through direct contact and can be exacerbated by poor oral hygiene or a weakened immune system. Symptoms vary depending on the virus but can include sores, lesions, and discomfort in the mouth.