Gum and Periodontal Diseases

Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums caused primarily by plaque buildup on the teeth. When plaque, a sticky film of bacteria, is not removed through regular brushing and flossing, it can irritate the gum tissue, leading to symptoms like redness, swelling, and bleeding, especially when brushing. It occurs due to poor oral hygiene, hormonal changes, certain medications, and other health conditions. If treated early with improved oral hygiene, gingivitis can be reversed.

 

Chronic Periodontitis is a more severe form of gum disease that results from untreated gingivitis. It involves the gradual destruction of the supporting structures of the teeth, including the bone. This condition is characterized by gum recession, pocket formation around the teeth, and loss of tooth attachment. It occurs due to the continued presence of plaque and tartar, leading to chronic inflammation. Risk factors include smoking, diabetes, and genetic predisposition.


Aggressive Periodontitis is a rapid form of gum disease that typically affects younger individuals. It is characterized by quick loss of attachment and bone around the teeth, often with minimal plaque present. This condition may be linked to genetic factors and specific bacteria. It occurs due to an exaggerated immune response to the bacteria in plaque, leading to severe tissue destruction.

 

Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis (NUG) is a severe form of gingivitis that is characterized by painful, bleeding gums and the presence of ulcers. It often occurs in individuals with weakened immune systems, poor oral hygiene, or high stress levels. The exact cause is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve a combination of bacterial infection and immune response. Symptoms include bad breath, fever, and a grayish film on the gums.

​

Periodontal Abscess is a localized collection of pus in the gum tissue, often resulting from untreated gum disease. It occurs when bacteria infect the gum pockets, leading to swelling, pain, and sometimes fever. The abscess can form due to the accumulation of plaque and tartar, which creates an environment for bacterial growth. Treatment typically involves draining the abscess and addressing the underlying gum disease.

 

Gingival Hyperplasia is the overgrowth of gum tissue, which can occur due to certain medications (like anticonvulsants), hormonal changes, or systemic diseases. This condition results in swollen, enlarged gums that can cover teeth and create difficulties in oral hygiene. It occurs as a response to irritation from plaque or as a side effect of medications, leading to inflammation and excess tissue growth.

 

Gum Recession is the process where the gum tissue pulls back from the teeth, exposing more of the tooth or its root. This condition can occur due to aggressive brushing, periodontal disease, or genetic factors. It leads to increased sensitivity and a higher risk of tooth decay. Gum recession happens when the supporting structures of the gums are damaged, often due to inflammation or mechanical trauma.